Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Committee on Standardization of Tonometers.”Tonometry: A New Calibration Scale for the Schiotz, Gradle-Schiotz, and McLean Tonometers.” British Journal of Opthalmology39.56 (1955): 56-57. Web.
This short article includes the standard chart for converting the Schiotz tonometer reading into millimeters of mercury that as established in 1955.
Armaly, Mansour F. “The Des Moines Population Study of Glaucoma. “Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual science 1.5 (1962): 618-28. Web. <hhtp://www.iovs.org/content/1/5/618.full.pdf+html>.
This journal article reports Armaly’s findings on the correlation between high eye pressure and development of glaucoma over a population. This was a critical point in the understanding of glaucoma and intraocular pressure. Image 9 is from this article.
Brown, Edward J. "Tonometry and the Prevention of Glaucoma." American Journal of Ophthalmology 3rd ser. 3 (1920): 696-73. Google Books. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
Brown describes 20 different cases, in which he used four different tonometers,the Schiotz, Gradle-Schiotz, McLean, and his own design, the Brown tonometer, to measures IOP. He states to have found his instrument much more “dependable and practical” than the others. He also discusses the importance of early diagnosis of glaucoma and states that many doctors are not recognizing glaucoma until it is too advanced for treatment.
Hollows, F. C., and P. A. Graham. "Intra-ocular Pressure, Glaucoma, and Glaucoma Suspects in a Defined Population." British Journal of Ophthalmology 50.10 (1966): 570-86. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
Hollows and Graham’s findings on intraocular pressure and glaucoma prevalence in a population in Wales are reported in detail in this article. They address the distribution of normal IOP readings and the trends of glaucoma in Wales over a 15 year period. This is one of the first studies to address that the correlation between a high IOP and the development of glaucoma may not be as strong as was thought at the time. Image 8 is also from this article.
Mclean, W. "Further Experimental Studies in Intraocular Pressure and Tonometry." British Journal of Ophthalmology 3.9 (1919): 385-99. PubMed Central. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
This is an article written by William McLean himself about his experiments and development of the McLean Tonometer. In the paper he presents his research on normal intraocular pressure parameters, based on comparisons between manometry, the Schiotz Tonometer, and the McLean Tonometer. He argues the actual IOP parameters set by the Schiotz Tonometer are lower than actual pressures. He also states the improvements in design of the McLean versus the Schiotz Tonometer.
Uribe-Troncoso, M. "Wider Use of the Tonometer." American Journal of Ophthalmology 3rd ser. 1.11 (1918): 799- 801. Hathi Trust. Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
This article from the American Journal of Ophthalmology focuses on the benefits of widespread usage of tonometers to make clear diagnoses of glaucoma and the importance of recording IOP during routine eye exams. It also shows that medical practitioners were emphasizing the use to IOP to make glaucoma diagnosis and, for the most part, disregarding subjective symptoms observed in patients.
Schiøtz H: Tonometry. Br J Ophthalmol 4:201, 249, 1920. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
This is Schiotz report on his tonometer, addressing the development and research that went into the instrument. He talks about how it works and its limitations as well as what the normal readings of the tonometer should be in patients.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Keeler, Richard, Arun D. Singh, and Harminder S. Dua. "Pressure to Measure Pressure: The McLean Tonometer." British Journal of Opthalmology 93.9 (2009): 11311-131.Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
This article gives a brief history of the development and progress of tonometers in the late 19th and early 20th century. The McLean tonometer is pictures and the article lists some of its main features and attempted improvements over the Schiotz Tonometer.
Kniestedt, Christoph, Omar Punjabi, Shan Lin, and Robert L. Stamper. "Tonometry Through the Ages." Survey of Ophthalmology 53.6 (2008): 568-91. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
This article gives a detailed description of the history and advancement of measuring IOP, starting with the oldest method of digital palpation and ending with modern methods of tonometry. The part of interest for my research is found in the middle of the article, in which methods of indentation tonometry are described. The authors focus on the Schiotz Tonometer, but there is no mention of the McLean Tonometer.
Kronfeld, Peter. “The History of Glaucoma.” Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Vol. 3. Web.
This chapter goes through the history of the understanding of glaucoma from 400 BC to current findings. It gives a nice overview of the changing definition of glaucoma and the reasons for these changes.
Stamper, Robert L. "A History of Intraocular Pressure and Its Measurement." Optometry and Vision Science 88.1 (2011): E16-28. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
Stamper described the different forms of tonometry through the history of IOP measurement. He also describes the role of tonometry in glaucoma diagnosis and how many practitioners in the beginning of the 20th century diagnosis glaucoma to any patient with IOP outside of what was considered the normal parameters.
IMAGES
Images in header (from left to right) http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/graphics/figures/v8/0070/010f.jpg
http://one.aao.org/Thumbnail/image.axd?id=6775154c-5069-4893-8098-f8ed8eafbcaf&t=635072541272000000http://thegriffincollection.com/images/1884-7.jpg
http://wallpho.com/wp-content/uploads/8589130434761-macro-photography-eye-wallpaper-hd.jpg
Image (1,5) http://www.tazz.ch/PDF/Habil.Photo.doc.pdf
Image 2 http://www.mrcophth.com/Historyofophthalmology/vongrat.JPG
Image 3 http://woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/img/all-cocaine-art.jpg
Image 4 http://tidsskriftet.no/image/2001/fig200104031.jpg
Image 6 http://www.collegeoptometrists.org/filemanager/root/site_assets/museum/instruments/glauc6.jpg
Image 7 http://www.oregoneyecenter.com/images/eyes_glaucoma.jpg
American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Committee on Standardization of Tonometers.”Tonometry: A New Calibration Scale for the Schiotz, Gradle-Schiotz, and McLean Tonometers.” British Journal of Opthalmology39.56 (1955): 56-57. Web.
This short article includes the standard chart for converting the Schiotz tonometer reading into millimeters of mercury that as established in 1955.
Armaly, Mansour F. “The Des Moines Population Study of Glaucoma. “Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual science 1.5 (1962): 618-28. Web. <hhtp://www.iovs.org/content/1/5/618.full.pdf+html>.
This journal article reports Armaly’s findings on the correlation between high eye pressure and development of glaucoma over a population. This was a critical point in the understanding of glaucoma and intraocular pressure. Image 9 is from this article.
Brown, Edward J. "Tonometry and the Prevention of Glaucoma." American Journal of Ophthalmology 3rd ser. 3 (1920): 696-73. Google Books. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
Brown describes 20 different cases, in which he used four different tonometers,the Schiotz, Gradle-Schiotz, McLean, and his own design, the Brown tonometer, to measures IOP. He states to have found his instrument much more “dependable and practical” than the others. He also discusses the importance of early diagnosis of glaucoma and states that many doctors are not recognizing glaucoma until it is too advanced for treatment.
Hollows, F. C., and P. A. Graham. "Intra-ocular Pressure, Glaucoma, and Glaucoma Suspects in a Defined Population." British Journal of Ophthalmology 50.10 (1966): 570-86. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
Hollows and Graham’s findings on intraocular pressure and glaucoma prevalence in a population in Wales are reported in detail in this article. They address the distribution of normal IOP readings and the trends of glaucoma in Wales over a 15 year period. This is one of the first studies to address that the correlation between a high IOP and the development of glaucoma may not be as strong as was thought at the time. Image 8 is also from this article.
Mclean, W. "Further Experimental Studies in Intraocular Pressure and Tonometry." British Journal of Ophthalmology 3.9 (1919): 385-99. PubMed Central. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
This is an article written by William McLean himself about his experiments and development of the McLean Tonometer. In the paper he presents his research on normal intraocular pressure parameters, based on comparisons between manometry, the Schiotz Tonometer, and the McLean Tonometer. He argues the actual IOP parameters set by the Schiotz Tonometer are lower than actual pressures. He also states the improvements in design of the McLean versus the Schiotz Tonometer.
Uribe-Troncoso, M. "Wider Use of the Tonometer." American Journal of Ophthalmology 3rd ser. 1.11 (1918): 799- 801. Hathi Trust. Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
This article from the American Journal of Ophthalmology focuses on the benefits of widespread usage of tonometers to make clear diagnoses of glaucoma and the importance of recording IOP during routine eye exams. It also shows that medical practitioners were emphasizing the use to IOP to make glaucoma diagnosis and, for the most part, disregarding subjective symptoms observed in patients.
Schiøtz H: Tonometry. Br J Ophthalmol 4:201, 249, 1920. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
This is Schiotz report on his tonometer, addressing the development and research that went into the instrument. He talks about how it works and its limitations as well as what the normal readings of the tonometer should be in patients.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Keeler, Richard, Arun D. Singh, and Harminder S. Dua. "Pressure to Measure Pressure: The McLean Tonometer." British Journal of Opthalmology 93.9 (2009): 11311-131.Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
This article gives a brief history of the development and progress of tonometers in the late 19th and early 20th century. The McLean tonometer is pictures and the article lists some of its main features and attempted improvements over the Schiotz Tonometer.
Kniestedt, Christoph, Omar Punjabi, Shan Lin, and Robert L. Stamper. "Tonometry Through the Ages." Survey of Ophthalmology 53.6 (2008): 568-91. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
This article gives a detailed description of the history and advancement of measuring IOP, starting with the oldest method of digital palpation and ending with modern methods of tonometry. The part of interest for my research is found in the middle of the article, in which methods of indentation tonometry are described. The authors focus on the Schiotz Tonometer, but there is no mention of the McLean Tonometer.
Kronfeld, Peter. “The History of Glaucoma.” Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Vol. 3. Web.
This chapter goes through the history of the understanding of glaucoma from 400 BC to current findings. It gives a nice overview of the changing definition of glaucoma and the reasons for these changes.
Stamper, Robert L. "A History of Intraocular Pressure and Its Measurement." Optometry and Vision Science 88.1 (2011): E16-28. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
Stamper described the different forms of tonometry through the history of IOP measurement. He also describes the role of tonometry in glaucoma diagnosis and how many practitioners in the beginning of the 20th century diagnosis glaucoma to any patient with IOP outside of what was considered the normal parameters.
IMAGES
Images in header (from left to right) http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/graphics/figures/v8/0070/010f.jpg
http://one.aao.org/Thumbnail/image.axd?id=6775154c-5069-4893-8098-f8ed8eafbcaf&t=635072541272000000http://thegriffincollection.com/images/1884-7.jpg
http://wallpho.com/wp-content/uploads/8589130434761-macro-photography-eye-wallpaper-hd.jpg
Image (1,5) http://www.tazz.ch/PDF/Habil.Photo.doc.pdf
Image 2 http://www.mrcophth.com/Historyofophthalmology/vongrat.JPG
Image 3 http://woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/img/all-cocaine-art.jpg
Image 4 http://tidsskriftet.no/image/2001/fig200104031.jpg
Image 6 http://www.collegeoptometrists.org/filemanager/root/site_assets/museum/instruments/glauc6.jpg
Image 7 http://www.oregoneyecenter.com/images/eyes_glaucoma.jpg